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81.
Elevated concentrations of formate, acetate and dissolved organic carbon found at the Lost City hydrothermal field 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Susan Q. Lang David A. Butterfield Deborah S. Kelley 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(3):941-5748
Fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Lost City hydrothermal field were analyzed for total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic acids. Formate (36-158 μmol/kg) and acetate (1-35 μmol/kg) concentrations are higher than in other fluids from unsedimented hydrothermal vents, and are a higher ratio of the total dissolved organic carbon than has been found in most marine geothermal systems. Isotopic evidence is consistent with an abiotic formation mechanism for formate, perhaps during serpentinization processes in the sub-surface. Further support comes from previous studies where the abiological formation of low molecular weight organic acids has been shown to be thermodynamically favorable during hydrothermal alteration of olivine, and laboratory studies in which the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been confirmed. As the second most prevalent carbon species after methane, formate may be an important substrate to microbial communities in an environment where dissolved inorganic carbon is limited. Acetate is found in locations where sulfate reduction is believed to be important and is likely to be a microbial by-product, formed either directly by autotrophic metabolic activity or indirectly during the fermentative degradation of larger organic molecules. Given the common occurrence of exposed ultramafic rocks and active serpentinization within the worlds ocean basins, the abiotic formation of formate may be an important process supporting life in these high pH environments and may have critical implications to understanding the organic precursors from which life evolved. 相似文献
82.
Kevin R. Chamberlain Axel K. Schmitt Susan M. Swapp T. Mark Harrison Norbert Swoboda-Colberg Wouter Bleeker Tony D. Peterson Charles W. Jefferson Andrei K. Khudoley 《Precambrian Research》2010
An in situ U–Pb SIMS (IN-SIMS) method to date micro-baddeleyite crystals as small as 3 μm is presented with results from three samples that span a variety of ages and geologic settings. The method complements ID-TIMS geochronology by extending the range of dateable crystals to sizes smaller than can be recovered by physical separation. X-ray mapping and BSE imaging are used to locate target grains in thin section, followed by SIMS analysis on a CAMECA ims 1270, using the field aperture in the transfer column to screen out ions from host phases. Internal age precisions for the method are anticipated to range from 0.1% for Precambrian rocks to 3–7% for Phanerozoic rocks. Results establish a 2689 ± 5 Ma age for mafic dikes in the Wyoming craton, USA, a 1540 ± 30 Ma age for a subaerial lava flow from the Thelon Basin of northern Canada, and a 457 ± 34 Ma age for mafic dikes in the platform sequence of southeastern Siberia. The method is ideal for relatively non-destructive dating of small samples such as extraterrestrial rocks and precious terrestrial samples. 相似文献
83.
Edward J. Phlips Susan Badylak Mary C. Christman Margaret A. Lasi 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(2):498-512
This paper describes the results of 10 years of water quality monitoring in the Indian River Lagoon Florida, with special
emphasis on the relationships between trends in climatic conditions and the distribution, composition, and abundance of the
phytoplankton community. The Indian River Lagoon, which spans 220 km of Florida’s east coast, is a region of particular concern
because of the rapid rate of human development throughout the region and the hydrologically restricted character of the lagoon,
which heightens the potential for algal bloom. Water sampling was carried out on a monthly to twice-monthly basis at six sites
located in the northern and central lagoon. The 10-year study included both extended periods of below and above average rainfall.
A number of ecologically distinct regions exist within the lagoon, which differ considerably in water exchange properties
and watershed inputs. The northern lagoon is characterized by longer water residence times, lower phosphorus concentrations,
higher nitrogen concentrations, and more stable salinity conditions than the central lagoon. Mean phytoplankton biovolumes
were substantially higher at the sites in the northern lagoon than at the sites in the central lagoon, and algal blooms were
more common and intense in the former region. Inter-annual patterns of phytoplankton biovolume were also different in the
northern and central lagoon. In the northern lagoon, phytoplankton biovolumes were lowest during the drought period, from
the autumn of 1998 to the spring of 2001. By contrast, algal bloom events in the central lagoon were not only less frequent
but were not tied to periods of high rainfall. The most widespread and common bloom formers were the potentially toxic dinoflagellate
Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense and two centric diatoms, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus and Cerataulina pelagica. Many of the biovolume peaks observed over the study period were attributable to these three species. The results of time
series modeling of phytoplankton dynamics further highlighted the disparities between the two regions of the lagoon in terms
of the suite of parameters that best predict the observed trends in the biomass of phytoplankton. Overall, the outcome of
this initial modeling effort in the Indian River Lagoon suggests that time series approaches can help define the factors that
influence phytoplankton dynamics. 相似文献
84.
Susan H. BeVille Benjamin B. Mirus Brian A. Ebel George G. Mader Keith Loague 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(6):1249-1257
Hydrologically driven mass wasting in the form of landslides on steep slopes is a worldwide occurrence. High-profile events
in, for example, Brazil, Chile, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela during the last three decades all clearly illustrate,
based upon significant losses of life and property, that hydrologically driven slope instability in developed (urban) areas
can be a major geologic/environmental hazard. The focus of this study is the 1973 hydrologically driven Lerida Court landslide
in Portola Valley, CA, USA. Physics-based hydrologic-response simulation, with the comprehensive Integrated Hydrology Model,
was employed to forensically estimate the spatiotemporal pore pressure distributions for the Lerida Court site. Slope stability,
driven by the simulated pore pressure dynamics, was estimated for the Lerida Court site with the infinite slope/Factor of
Safety approach. The pore pressure dynamics for the Lerida Court site were reasonably captured by the hydrologic-response
simulation. The estimated time of slope failure for the Lerida Court site compares well with field observations. A recommendation
is made that hydrologically driven slope stability estimates including variably saturated subsurface flow be standard protocol
for development sites in steep urban settings. 相似文献
85.
Ivan Henrico Susan Henrico Rikus le Roux Jacques Bezuidenhout 《Transactions in GIS》2023,27(1):105-114
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) consists of various tools to perform spatial analyses in a wide variety of disciplines, including radiometric analysis to characterize the distribution of natural radionuclide concentrations. Recently, open-source GIS has become popular among geospatial users because it can be freely used, and powerful tools are constantly developed to enhance software capabilities. Gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to measure the concentrations of these natural radionuclides by dragging a Delta Underwater Gamma System (DUGS) among the sediment in the Berg River estuary located in Velddrif, South Africa. In this study, QGIS was used to visually illustrate and interpret the distribution of natural radionuclides, that is, potassium (K40), thorium (Th232), and uranium (U238). These concentrations can be used to investigate various geographical and geological phenomena, which include sediment processes. The data were then interpreted to derive sediment characteristics. Various features of tidal estuaries were demonstrated by the results. 相似文献
86.
Patricia Carbajales-Dale Dusti Annan-Coultas Anjali Joseph Martie Thompson Roxana Jafarifiroozabadi Susan P. Limber Bonnie Holaday Sahar Mihandoust 《Transactions in GIS》2023,27(4):975-995
Geographic information systems (GIS) have become essential tools in the public health domain, especially when it comes to monitoring and surveillance of disease. The purpose of this article is to describe and explore the benefits of using GIS to improve public health emergency response during a global pandemic and, in particular, how to effectively optimize the allocation of public health resources in a rural setting using a data-driven approach that considers the multifactorial demand for new COVID-19 testing sites. Herein, the authors present their interprofessional project as an example of such efforts to inform applications for practice. The team developed a GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis model for use by decision-makers and public health experts in similar future planning and response scenarios. Focus is placed on rural characteristics (e.g., accessibility), vulnerable populations, and daily changing conditions (e.g., COVID-19 daily case fluctuations) that create additional challenges for public health agencies and policymakers. 相似文献
87.
Susan W. Hardwick 《Geographical review》2014,104(3):259-276
More Americans now reside in Canada than at any time since the Vietnam War. Of particular note is the surprisingly large population of immigrants from the United States who now reside in Montreal—Francophone Canada's largest and most diverse city. This article documents and analyzes the migration experiences, spatial patterns, and “sense of belonging” of Americans in Montreal during the post–Vietnam era framed within the larger political and linguistic context of the city's “Two Solitudes.” Findings are based on information compiled from archival materials, census records, structured and unstructured interviews, survey questionnaires, participant observation, and fieldwork. My overarching goal is to embed the experiences and patterns of this English‐speaking group of immigrants in predominately French‐speaking Montreal during the past five decades—one of the most dramatic and divisive periods of time in Montreal and in Quebec as a whole. 相似文献
88.
Mehdi Zeidouni Jean-Philippe Nicot Susan D. Hovorka 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(5):1733-1747
CO2 injection in saline aquifers induces temperature changes owing to processes such as Joule–Thomson cooling, endothermic water vaporization, exothermic CO2 dissolution besides the temperature discrepancy between injected and native fluids. CO2 leaking from the injection zone, in addition to initial temperature contrast due to the geothermal gradient, undergoes similar processes, causing temperature changes in the above zone. Numerical simulation tools were used to evaluate temperature changes associated with CO2 leakage from the storage aquifer to an above-zone monitoring interval and to assess the monitorability of CO2 leakage on the basis of temperature data. The impact of both CO2 and brine leakage on temperature response is considered for three cases (1) a leaky well co-located with the injection well, (2) a leaky well distant from the injector, and (3) a leaky fault. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine key operational and reservoir parameters that control the temperature signal in the above zone. Throughout the analysis injection-zone parameters remain unchanged. Significant pressure drop upon leakage causes expansion of CO2 associated with Joule–Thomson cooling. However, brine may begin leaking before CO2 breakthrough at the leakage pathway, causing heating in the above zone. Thus, unlike the pressure which increases in response to both CO2 and brine leakage, the temperature signal may differentiate between the leaking fluids. In addition, the strength of the temperature signal correlates with leakage velocity unlike pressure signal whose strength depends on leakage rate. Increasing leakage conduit cross-sectional area increases leakage rate and thus increases pressure change in the above zone. However, it decreases leakage velocity, and therefore, reduces temperature cooling and signal. It is also shown that the leakage-induced temperature change covers a small area around the leakage pathway. Thus, temperature data will be most useful if collected along potential leaky wells and/or wells intersecting potential leaky faults. 相似文献
89.
正China’s Ministry of Land and Resources announced on 27th February 2014 that proven reserves of oil,natural gas and coal continued to increase significantly,and that their production shows a steady increase.This greatly improves China’s support capacity of fossil fuel resources.Oil resources:In 2013,China newly discovered oil geological reserves yielded 10.84×108 t,and 相似文献
90.
Wu Shaolin Di Baofeng Ustin Susan L. Stamatopoulos Constantine A. Li Jierui Zuo Qi Wu Xiao Ai Nanshan 《地理学报(英文版)》2022,32(5):873-891
Journal of Geographical Sciences - The geospatial distribution pattern in traditional Chinese settlements (TCSs) reflects the traditional harmony between humans and nature, which has been learned... 相似文献